Born in St Petersburg on February 26, 1845 (old style), he was the second son of Alexander II, the "Tsar Liberator" who had freed the serfs. In his childhood, he had had an unpleasant experience on a bad-tempered mount. Alexander enjoyed a more informal relationship with his youngest son Michael and doted on his youngest daughter, Olga. [8], Alexander III took initiatives to stimulate the development of trade and industry, as his father did before him. The new tsar was horrified by the murder of his father but not altogether surprised. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. [8] Alexander's parents encouraged the match. Even the famed clergyman John of Kronstadt paid a visit and administered Communion to the Tsar. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. The reign of Alexander III began with the assassination of Alexander II in March 1881. [5] When the Austrian ambassador in St. Petersburg said that Austria would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. In 1866 Alexander married the daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, Dagmar (Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar), who had been his late brother's fiancee. He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children.[46] General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favourite of both parents". Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Contents 1 Biography In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the German Empire,[35] it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with Austria-Hungary for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in Eastern Europe. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II (for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. He was buried in the St. Peter & Paul Cathedral in St Petersburg, the last Tsar be so. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. Alexander III of Russia is a Leaders, zodiac sign: Aries. Date accessed: March 02, 2023 Although he promised at the beginning of his reign to continue the work of his father, he ended up following a more conservative course under the influence of his tutor and personal advisor, Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev. He made it clear that his autocracy would not be limited. [12] Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded.[13] Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life.[14] His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. With a deep insight into the tsar's moods and views, Girs was usually able to shape the final decisions by outmaneuvering hostile journalists, ministers, and even the Tsarina, as well as his own ambassadors. Because of his love for maintaining peaceful foreign relations, he earned the moniker, "The Peacemaker". During his reign he adopted several repressive policies including the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. George died at 27 of tuberculosis in 1899. Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. Alexander became tsesarevich upon Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. He was known as "The Peasants Tsar", and because of his size was always viewed as larger than life. Foreign investment within the country was at an all time high. Alexander III was born in Saint Petersburg on March 10, 1845. In foreign affairs he was emphatically a man of peace but not a partisan of the doctrine of peace at any price. He was an unsympathetic ruler though it cannot be denied that the industrial development in Russia increased during his reign. Both the horse and rider were sculpted in massive form, leading to the nickname of "hippopotamus". His reign is often referred to as the Age of Counter Reform. Alexander III canceled the ukaz before it was published and in the manifesto announcing his accession stated that he had no intention of limiting the autocratic power he had inherited. Alexander Iii is a famous Emperor who has a net worth of $1-2 million. Alexander III of Russia is most famous for his role in the Russo-Japanese War, which was a war between Russia and Japan. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. He was an unsympathetic ruler though it cannot be denied that the industrial development in Russia increased during his reign. As heir apparent, Alexander participated in meetings of the State Council and collaborated with various committees as well as continuing his military career, rising eventually to the rank of General of Infantry. [51] In Denmark, he was able to enjoy joining his children, nephews and nieces, in muddy ponds looking for tadpoles, sneaking into his father-in-law's orchard to steal apples, and playing pranks, such as turning a water hose on the visiting King Oscar II of Sweden. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian pigs". 1871), Xenia (b. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. Lowe's biography was first published in 1895, and though it appeared within a year of the subject's death, it remains an invaluable record of his . I often feel that I am not worthy of her, but even if this was true, I will do my best to be. [1] Please send your comments or suggestions on this page to Scott Malsom. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. . One can only imagine the rage he, his wife and children felt as they watched the Tsar bleed and die in a St Petersburg palace. At a time when the Russian government should have begun adjusting itself to the changing realities of the 19th Century, Alexander instead clung to and strengthened the autocracy. "[40] When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you. Polunov, A. Iu. Upon taking the throne, Alexander began to undo the liberal reforms which had been enacted over the course of . Alexander III was not a popular ruler and several assassination attempts were made on his life. ", Nelipa, M., ALEXANDER III His Life and Reign (2014), Gilbert's Books. Alexander III, however, had no such luxury. "[53] This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna.[54]. Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. He tightened censorship of the press and sent thousands of revolutionaries to Siberia. He tore packs of cards in half with his bare hands to entertain his children. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) [1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He proved himself to be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot. He married Dagmar of Denmark (1847-1928) 9 November 1866 . Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. The original Welsh Guards Leek Brooch which was . "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. an absolute child. [7] His wife once convinced him to go on a carriage ride with her. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. History has made its judgement. He worked to strengthen and modernize Russia's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia's standing as a world power. Biography. Troubetzkoy envisioned the statue as a caricature, jesting that he wished "to portray an animal atop another animal", and it was quite controversial at the time, with many, including the members of the Imperial Family, opposed to the design, but it was approved because the Empress Dowager unexpectedly liked the monument. He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of the liberal . [33], In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the United Kingdom (see Panjdeh incident), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. In response Alexander III then began cordial relations with France, eventually entering into an alliance with the French in 1892. This included acquaintance with French, English and German, and military drill.[8]. Bound by duty, he left his lady-love and married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (later known as Maria Feodorovna) in 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Censorship was increased, the autonomy of universities restricted, the role of landowners in rural local self-government (the zemstvo) strengthened, and access to education for the lower classes limited. On 19 May 1866, Alexander II informed his son that Russia had come to an agreement with the parents of Princess Dagmar of Denmark, the fiance of his late elder brother Nicholas. Alexander died suddenly from a stroke in November 1894. [62] Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. [50] His sister-in-law, the Princess of Wales, would come from Great Britain with some of her children, and his brother-in-law and cousin-in-law, King George I of Greece, his wife, Queen Olga, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 1 November 1894)[1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. The oath of allegiance to the throne and to the autocracy was made by his eldest son, the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II. Even when Nicholas first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to Princess Dagmar of Denmark, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen-consort Louise of Denmark, and whose siblings included King Frederick VIII of Denmark, Queen-consort Alexandra of the United Kingdom and King George I of Greece. These acts weakened the nobility and the peasantry and brought Imperial administration under the Emperor's personal control. Upon assuming his position as the emperor he began reversing several of the policies that his liberal minded father had implemented. At the same time, Russia gradually annexed the territory of Turkmenistan and increased its presence in the Far East, where Japan's active policies were causing the country great concern. The reign of Alexander III began in tragedy. As a result of the assassination, Alexander III would not consider granting the constitution. Alexander III Of Russia detail biography, family, facts and date of birth. On March 1, 1881, on the eve of the signing into law Russia's first constitution, two assassins threw bombs at the Tsar's carriage in St. Petersburg. 17 October]1888 the Imperial train derailed in an accident at Borki. Here's s page of wonderful images of the great mosaic icon of Christ in the upper gallery of Hagia Sophia - otherwise known as Saint Sophia. His father had been a soft-hearted, liberal ruler and Alexander III was nothing like him in disposition. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, dubbed "The Peacemaker", Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. While his brother Nicolasthe tsarevich or heir apparentwas groomed to be the future king, Alexander only received the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. [63] Another pre-revolutionary memorial is located in the city of Irkutsk at the Angara embankment. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. He had long viewed the reforms of the mid-19th century as too liberal and permissive. He would order each musician of the orchestra to leave and turn off the lights until the guests left. Alexander, then 23 years old, was in the palace at the moment of the assassination and his accession to the throne was announced by General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins. Estimated Net Worth in 2021: $1-$3million: Previous Year's Net Worth (2020) Under Review: Annual Salary: . His father, the Tsar Liberator, had freed the serfs, predating Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation by two years. Xenia and Olga were able to escape Russia along with their mother during the Revolution. Web Design Austin, Boy who Dreamed of a Palace - Bob Atchison, 1923 American Interview with Patriarch Tikhon, Aurochs! Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. He gloried in the idea of being of the same rough texture as the great majority of his subjects. However when his brother Nicolas was in his deathbed, he asked Alexander to marry his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark. 20 October]1894 at the age of forty-nine, and was succeeded by his eldest son Tsesarevich Nicholas, who took the throne as Nicholas II. [32], Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. Need tickets for the Mariinsky, the Hermitage, a football game or any event? ", I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s.". Though he lived in the large Gachina Palace, he chose to live in the renovated servants area. In the other provinces he clipped the feeble wings of the zemstvo (an elective local administration resembling the county and parish councils in England) and placed the autonomous administration of the peasant communes under the supervision of landed proprietors appointed by the government. Contemporaries noted his sturdy health, athletic build and exceptional modesty in everyday life. He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 28 October]1866 in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Maria Feodorovna. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 20 October] 1894. In fact, it turned out that the new Emperor did not share the views of his deceased father and was glad to negate many of the latter's liberal reforms. History tends to view Alexander III as a brutish despot. By the end of his life, they loved each other deeply. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (49 years old). [58] By the time that they reached Crimea, they stayed at the Maly Palace in Livadia, as Alexander was too weak to travel any farther. Lacking the sophistication and refinement generally associated with men of royal lineage, Alexander III prided himself on being rough and unrefined. Serious illness fell upon the robust Alexander entirely unexpectedly. It was also expensive for the Crown to pay so many grand dukes each year. Born: St.Petersburg, 26 February (10 March) 1845Died: Livadiya, 20 October (1 November) 1894Reigned: 1881-1894. Alexander III of Russiais the 208thmost popular politician(up from 244th in 2019), the 28thmost popular biography from Russia(up from 34th in 2019)and the 12thmost popular RussianPolitician. 1882). Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. His education was not such as to soften these peculiarities. [52] When Alexander and his family survived the Borki train disaster in 1888, Alexander joked, "I can imagine how disappointed Vladimir is going to be when he learns that we all stayed alive! He died in the arms of his wife, and in the presence of his physician, Ernst Viktor von Leyden, at Maly Palace in Livadia on the afternoon of 1 November[O.S. "[6], Unlike his extroverted wife, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg. His reign was one of conservative reaction and the repression of revolutionary and reform groups. Most of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen autocracy. Corrections? Alexander III. [66] On 5 June 2021, he unveiled another monument to Alexander on the site of Gatchina Palace, Leningrad Oblast.[67]. [61] Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 1 November [O.S. [50] In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. However, this peace was often done at the expense of the working class and peasantry. At the same time, the country experienced an economic upturn: preparations were made for a monetary reform and the introduction of the gold-backed rouble, a tax reform was introduced, customs regulations adopted, and the introduction of a government monopoly on the wine trade increased tax revenues. Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885,", Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892-1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. Their second child, George, was born in 1871 followed by Xenia (1871), Michael (1878) and Olga (1882). Let our meeting and events experts help you organize a superb event in St. Petersburg. It was opened by his son, Nicholas II, and exists to this day. Indeed, during his reign, Russia did not become entangled in any wars and the Tsar strove to maintain peace in Europe, which earned him the moniker of "Peacemaker". 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